American pageant 13th edition vocabulary chapter 9

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The North also transported the cotton to England and the rest of Europe, so they were in part responsible for the slave trade as well. The Southern aristocrats widened the gap between the rich and the poor and hampered public-funded education by sending their children to private schools. Also, a favorite author among them was Sir Walter Scott, author of Ivanhoe, who helped them idealize a feudal society with them as the kings and queens and the slaves as their subjects.

The plantation system shaped the lives of southern women. Mistresses of the house commanded a sizable household of mostly female slaves who cooked, sewed, cared for the children, and washed things.

Slaves of the Slave System Cotton production spoiled the earth, and even though profits were quick and high, the land was ruined, and cotton producers were always in need of new land. The economic structure of the South became increasingly monopolistic because as land ran out, smaller farmers sold their land to the large estate owners. Also, the temptation to over-speculate in land and in slaves caused many planters to plunge deep into debt.

Slaves were valuable, but they were also a gamble, since they might run away or be killed by disease. The dominance of King Cotton likewise led to a one-crop economy whose price level was at the mercy of world conditions.

Southerners resented the Northerners who got rich at their expense while they were dependent on the North for clothing, food, and manufactured goods. The South repelled immigrants from Europe, who went to the North, making it richer. The White Majority Beneath the aristocracy were the whites that owned one or two, or a small family of slaves; they worked hard on the land with their slaves and the only difference between them and their northern neighbors was that there were slaves living with them.

Mountain whites, those who lived isolated in the wilderness under Spartan frontier conditions, hated white aristocrats and Blacks, and they were key in crippling the Southern secessionists during the Civil War.

In the deep South, they were usually mulattoes Black mother, White father who was usually a master freed when their masters died. Many owned property; a few owned slaves themselves. Free Blacks were prohibited from working in certain occupations and forbidden from testifying against whites in court; and as examples of what slaves could be, Whites resented them.

In the North, free Blacks were also unpopular, as several states denied their entrance, most denied them the right to vote and most barred them from public schools. Northern Blacks were especially hated by the Irish, with whom they competed for jobs.

Plantation Slavery Although slave importation was banned in , smuggling of them continued due to their high demand and despite death sentences to smugglers However, the slave increase 4 million by was mostly due to their natural reproduction. Slaves were an investment, and thus were treated better and more kindly and were spared the most dangerous jobs, like putting a roof on a house, draining a swamp, or blasting caves.

Usually, Irishmen were used to do that sort of work. Slavery also created majorities or near-majorities in the Deep South, and the states of South Carolina, Florida, Mississippi, Alabama, and Louisiana accounted for half of all slaves in the South.

Some were promised freedom after ten children born. Increasing numbers of Christians were starting to reconcile their differences between religion and the findings of modern science, as evidenced in the new Churches of Christ est.

Henry Ford perfected the assembly-line production to where his famous Rouge River Plant was producing a finished automobile every ten seconds. The automobile now provided more freedom, more luxury, and more privacy. A new medium arose as well: advertising, which used persuasion, ploy, seduction, and sex appeal to sell merchandise.

Folks followed new and dangerous buying techniques…they bought 1 on the installment plan and 2 on credit. Both ways were capable of plunging an unexpecting consumer into debt. Putting America on Rubber Tires Americans adapted, rather than invented, the gasoline engine. People like Henry Ford and Ransom E. Olds famous for Oldsmobile developed the infant auto industry. In , when the bull market collapsed, 26 million motor vehicles were registered in the United States, or 1 car per 4.

The Advent of the Gasoline Age The automobile spurred 6 million people to new jobs and took over the railroad as king of transportation. Cars were luxuries at first, but they rapidly became necessities.

The less-attractive states lost population at an alarming rate. However, accidents killed lots of people, and by , 1,, people had died by the car—more than the total of Americans lost to all its previous wars combined.

Cars brought adventure, excitement, and pleasure. Aviation slowly got off the ground, and they were used a bit in World War I, but afterwards, it really took off when they became used for mail and other functions. The first transcontinental airmail route was established form New York to San Francisco in At first, there were many accidents and crashes, but later, safety improved. Charles Lindbergh became the first person to fly solo across the Atlantic Ocean when he did it in his Spirit of St.

Louis, going from New York to Paris. The Radio Revolution In the s, Guglielmo Marconi had already invented wireless telegraphy and his invention was used for long distance communication in the Great War. Sports were further stimulated while politicians had to adjust their speaking techniques to support the new medium, and music could finally be heard electronically.

A first full-length feature was D. Hollywood, California, quickly became a hot spot for movie production, due to its favorable climate and landscape. Propaganda movies of World War I boosted the popularity of movies. Critics, though, did bemoan the vulgarization of popular tastes wrought by radio and movies. These new mediums led to the loss of old family and oral traditions. Radio shows and movies seemed to lessen interaction and heighten passivity.

The Dynamic Decade For the first time, more Americans lived in urban areas, not the rural countryside. A brash new group shocked many conservative older folk who labeled the new style as full of erotic suggestions and inappropriate. Jazz was the music of flappers, and Blacks like W.

Many of the new writers, though, hailed from different backgrounds not Protestant New Englanders. He wrote the monthly American Mercury.

Theodore Dreiser wrote as a Realist not Romantic in An American Tragedy about the murder of a pregnant working girl by her socially-conscious lover. Sherwood Anderson wrote Winesburg, Ohio describing small-town life in America. Poetry also was innovative, and Ezra Pound and T. Eliot were two great poets. The whole system was built on fragile credit. Secretary of the Treasury Mellon reduced the amount of taxes that rich people had to pay, thus conceivably thrusting the burden onto the middle class.

He reduced the national debt, though, but has since been accused of indirectly encouraging the Bull Market.